-lainen

== Finnish == === Etymology 1 === From Proto-Finnic *-lainën; equivalent to -la (toponym suffix) +‎ -inen. Cognate with Estonian -lane, Veps -laine. Attested since at least the Bible translation of 1548, which uses it in Mark 7.26 (Grekilainen) and Luke 4.27 (Syrialainen), among other places. ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /-lɑi̯nen/, [-lɑ̝i̯ne̞n] Does not automatically cause secondary stress ==== Suffix ==== -lainen (front vowel harmony variant -läinen, linguistic notation -lAinen) Combined with a place name, forms the noun for the inhabitant of a place; or an adjective meaning "of or relating to (the place)". ‎Viro (“Estonia”) + ‎-lainen → ‎virolainen (“Estonian”) ‎Savo (“Savonia”) + ‎-lainen → ‎savolainen (“Savonian”) Combined with a name, forms an adjective for a member of an organization or other defined group, a follower of philosophy etc. ‎German Hegel + ‎-lainen → ‎hegeliläinen (“Hegelian”) ‎kokoomus + ‎-lainen → ‎kokoomuslainen Combined with a common noun, forms nouns for people characterized by this noun. ‎eläke (“pension”) + ‎-lainen → ‎eläkeläinen (“pensioner”) ‎vuokra (“rent”) + ‎-lainen → ‎vuokralainen (“tenant, lessee”) Forms various diminutives; also used in surnames. ‎repo (“(dated) fox”) + ‎-lainen → ‎repolainen (“fox”) (nickname, poetic) ===== Usage notes ===== Usually appended to the genitive or nominative singular stem. Place names already ending in -la often do not duplicate the suffix (although the suffix can always be kept when talking about Finnish municipalities, resulting in words ending in -lalainen/-läläinen), and their adjective forms may be formed with simply -inen. An example is Karjala (“Karelia”) → karjalainen (“Karelian”), not ˣkarjalalainen. However, there are some exceptions: Karjala (a former municipality in Southwest Finland) + -lainen is indeed karjalalainen. ===== Declension ===== Noun: Adjective: ===== Derived terms ===== ==== References ==== === Etymology 2 === Derived from laji (“kind, sort”) as laji (“kind, sort”) +‎ -inen (compare lailla). The origin as a separate word can still be seen in the imperfect accommodation to vowel harmony. The suffix has been reinforced and influenced by the somewhat similar sounding -llinen (e.g. dialectal millinen for millainen). ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /-ˌlɑi̯nen/, [-ˌlɑ̝i̯ne̞n] Rhymes: -ɑinen Syllabification(key): lai‧nen Hyphenation(key): lai‧nen automatically causes secondary stress, due to the fact that this suffix was originally a component in a compound ==== Suffix ==== -lainen Combined with a pronoun, forms an adjective relating to the kind or nature of a person or an object. Synonyms: -moinen, kaltainen ‎eri + ‎-lainen → ‎erilainen (“different”) ‎eräs + ‎-lainen → ‎eräänlainen (“kind of (a)”) ‎mikä + ‎-lainen → ‎minkälainen / millainen (“what kind of?”) ‎sama + ‎-lainen → ‎samanlainen (“similar, of the same kind”) ‎se + ‎-lainen → ‎sellainen (“such, of that kind”) ‎tämä + ‎-lainen → ‎tällainen / tälläinen (colloquial) (“of this kind”) ‎viiden (“five”) + ‎-lainen → ‎viidenlainen (“of five kinds”) (usually used in the plural) Combined with the genitive form of an adjective, forms an adjective indicating a smaller degree of the quality than that described by the original adjective. Synonym: -hko ‎heikko + ‎-lainen → ‎heikonlainen (“relatively weak”) ‎oikea + ‎-lainen → ‎oikeanlainen (“of a right kind (but not the right one)”) ‎viileä + ‎-lainen → ‎viileänlainen (“sort of cool”) ===== Usage notes ===== As this suffix is historically a compound, it is not subject to vowel harmony in the standard language; with the exception of the word yhtäläinen, it always has back vowel harmony. In colloquial use it may have a front vowel variant, if not the speaker has not been explicitly taught to avoid that, which proves the rule moot. The modifier is in the genitive case if it can be inflected as such. ===== Declension ===== ===== Derived terms ===== ==== References ==== === Anagrams === Anneli, Linnea, alinen