-ko

== Basque == === Alternative forms === -eko (after consonants) -go (see usage notes) === Etymology === Unknown. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ko/ [ko] Rhymes: -o Hyphenation: -ko === Suffix === -ko Locative singular suffix. ‎etxe (“house”) + ‎-ko → ‎etxeko (“of the house, related to the house”) Noun-forming suffix with various functions. related to, near ‎gerri (“waist”) + ‎-ko → ‎gerriko (“belt”) ‎belarri (“ear”) + ‎-ko → ‎belarritako (“earring”) Forms words expressing a hit or strike Forms future participles. ‎egin (“to do”) + ‎-ko → ‎egingo (“will do”) ==== Usage notes ==== The case formed by this suffix is also called "local genitive" or "locative genitive". It roughly corresponds to the usage of the prepositions of in English and de in Spanish. The genitive case (formed by the suffix -ren) also corresponds generally to these prepositions; but is mostly used to imply ownership, while the locative implies location or relatedness. However, there are exceptions to this general rule, see the usage examples below. Bizkaiko mendiak ― the mountains of Biscay buruko mina ― headache (literally, “pain in the head”) eskolako jaialdia ― school festival Picassoren margolan bat ― a painting by Picasso Ilargiaren orbita ― the orbit of the Moon mutilaren argazkia ― the picture of (owned by) the boy; the picture of (showing) the boy Common nouns ending in a consonant take the form -eko with an epenthetic vowel. ‎hondartz (“beach”) + ‎-ko → ‎hondartzeko (“of the beach”). Proper nouns and verbs ending /n/ or /l/ take the voiced form -go. ‎Madril (“Madrid”) + ‎-ko → ‎Madrilgo (“of Madrid”). ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== === References === == Czech == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [ ko] === Suffix === -ko n (noun-forming suffix) forms diminutive nouns ‎ef + ‎-ko → ‎efko ‎oko + ‎-ko → ‎očko ‎zrno + ‎-ko → ‎zrnko ==== Derived terms ==== ==== See also ==== -átko -čko -íčko === Further reading === -ko in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017 == Finnish == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *-ko, probably ultimately from Proto-Uralic *ko-. === Particle === -ko (front vowel harmony variant -kö, linguistic notation -kO) (enclitic particle) (enclitic) Turns a clause interrogative. It is appended to the element of the clause that is questioned most. English equivalents include the normal ways of forming an interrogative statement without using an interrogative pronoun, such as the verb "do", inversion of the word order and intonation. (enclitic) In indirect questions, -ko/-kö appended to the verb corresponds to the conjunctions if and whether in English. (enclitic) With the particle -han/-hän attached to the topic of discussion, it expresses "I wonder if". (enclitic) With the negative verb (en, et, ei, emme, ette, eivät) and the particle -han/-hän, expresses "I suppose". (enclitic, colloquial) In a question with an interrogative word. ==== Usage notes ==== (interrogative particle): The particle -ko/-kö is used when there is no other interrogative word, in both direct and indirect questions. The answer is expected to be simply affirmative or negative. (interrogative particle): The word with this particle will usually move to the beginning of the clause (see the usage examples). (I wonder if): Note that, unlike in English, the sentence meaning "I wonder if" is an interrogative sentence in Finnish, so it ends with a question mark. ==== Synonyms ==== -ks (colloquial) === See also === -kin -kaan/-kään -han/-hän -kö -pa/-pä -s === Further reading === Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto. == Garo == === Etymology === (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) === Suffix === -ko (inflectional suffix) forms the accusative case === See also === -ni (“forms genitive”) -na (“forms dative”) -chi (“forms instrumental”) -no (“forms locative”) == Hadza == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ko/ === Suffix === -ko a feminine singular suffix (often used with a collective sense) ==== Related terms ==== -hako == Ilocano == === Alternative forms === -k — before vowels and suffixes -en and -an === Etymology === From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /ko/, /ku/ === Pronoun === -ko First-person singular ergative enclitic pronoun; I Inlukatko ti tawa ta napudot. ― I opened the window because it is hot. Aramidekto dayta no bigat. ― I'll do that tomorrow. First-person singular possessive marker; my Daytoy ti pamiliak. ― This is my family. Annakko dagitoy. ― These are my children. ==== Usage notes ==== When attached to verbs ending with the suffixes -en or -an, the n of the suffix is dropped and the enclitic (in the form -k) is attached. ‎lutuen (“to cook”) + ‎-k(o) → ‎lutuek (“I cook”) ‎dalusan (“to clean”) + ‎-k(o) → ‎dalusak (“I clean”) When attached to the enclitic -(e)n, the pronoun becomes -kon, even if the enclitic is in the form -k. Linutok ti ikan. ― I cooked the fish. Linutokon ti ikan. ― I already cooked the fish. When attached to the negative adverb di, the pronoun becomes -ak. Diak inggagara. ― I did not mean it. When attached to the verb in (“to go”), the n geminates, and the pronoun becomes -ak. Innak kitaen no addadan. ― I'll go check if they are already there. ==== See also ==== == Ingrian == === Pronunciation === (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /-ko/, [-ko̞] (Soikkola) IPA(key): /-ko/, [-ko̞] === Particle === -ko (front-vowel variant -kö) alternative form of -k === References === Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 178 == Japanese == === Romanization === -ko Rōmaji transcription of こ == Lower Sorbian == === Etymology === From Proto-Slavic *-ъko. === Suffix === -ko n added to neuter nouns to form a diminutive ==== Derived terms ==== == Lower Tanana == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kʰɔ/, /qʰɔ/ === Noun === -ko (areal noun) the surface of ==== Related terms ==== koxt'ana (“person”) -koget (“on the surface of”) koga'/koka' (“on”) -kw (“onto the surface of; surface (noun suffix)”) neɬkoyi (“wounded animal”) neɬkoyenh (“wounded person”) uko (“in quest of”) === References === Kari, James et al. (2024), Kari, James, editor, Lower Tanana Dene Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, →ISBN, page 241 == Makasar == === Etymology === From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu. === Pronoun === -ko (absolutive enclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨚ) you (familiar second person singular and plural) ==== See also ==== == Murui Huitoto == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): [-kɔ] === Classifier === -ko Classifier for objects that give cover. Classifier for spherical containers. ==== Derived terms ==== === References === Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017), A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), pages 195-196 == Nupe == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kó/ === Suffix === -kó augmentative suffix; used to form nouns meaning a larger form of something. Antonym: -gi ‎èsá (“stool”) + ‎-ko → ‎èsákó (“table”) ‎yàbà (“banana”) + ‎-ko → ‎yàbàkó (“plantain”) ‎ǹdá (“father”) + ‎-ko → ‎ǹdákó (“grandfather”) ‎bànban (“river bank”) + ‎-ko → ‎bànbankó (“cliff”) ‎tákùn (“rock”) + ‎-ko → ‎tákùnkó (“large rock”) Used to form a nominalised and superlative form of verbs. ‎wáncí (“to be large”) + ‎-ko → ‎wáncíkó (“the largest”) ‎pàrà (“to be wide”) + ‎-ko → ‎pàràkó (“the widest”) ==== Derived terms ==== === Further reading === Alhaji, Gabra Ibrahim A Morphological Analysis of Nouns and Adjectives In The Nupe Language, 2012 == Old Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъko. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /kɔ/ IPA(key): (15th CE) /kɔ/ === Suffix === -ko n diminutive suffix for neuter nouns; may cause various vowel shifts ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Polish: -ko Silesian: -ko == Polish == === Etymology === Inherited from Old Polish -ko. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kɔ/ Rhymes: -ɔ Syllabification: -ko === Suffix === -ko n diminutive suffix for neuter nouns. May cause various vowel shifts ‎słowo + ‎-ko → ‎słówko ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== == Serbo-Croatian == === Suffix === -ko (Cyrillic spelling -ко) Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, most likely to make diminutive. Usually used to make names, or nicknames denoting a negative feature. ‎dar + ‎-ko → ‎Darko ‎Jano + ‎-ko → ‎Janko ‎debeo + ‎-ko → ‎debeljko (“fatty (meant as an insult)”) == Slovak == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /kɔ/, [kɔ] === Suffix === -ko n diminutive suffix for neuter nouns ==== Declension ==== ==== Derived terms ==== == Swahili == === Suffix === -ko ku class(XVII) relative marker, where Sijui wanakotoka. ― I do not know where they come from. ==== See also ==== == Votic == === Etymology === From Proto-Finnic *-ko. === Pronunciation === (Luutsa, Liivčülä) IPA(key): /-ko/, [-ko] === Particle === -ko Makes a clause interrogative; marks yes-no questions. ==== Usage notes ==== Attaches to the first word in a sentence or (subordinate) clause (the latter applies to indirect questions). If the sentence or clause contains a verb (predicate), it shifts to become the first word, and -ko is then attached to it; as a consequence, the particle predominantly attaches to verbs. === References === Hallap, V.; Adler, E.; Grünberg, S.; Leppik, M. (2012), “-ko”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language]‎[2], 2nd edition, Tallinn