-ien

== Breton == === Etymology === From Old Breton -ion, -on, Proto-Brythonic *-onos, *-onā. Cognate to Welsh -ion, Cornish -yon. === Suffix === -ien Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun ‎lenner (“reader”) + ‎-ien → ‎lennerien (“readers”) ‎mab (“son”) + ‎-ien → ‎mibien (“sons”) ==== Derived terms ==== == French == === Alternative forms === -éen === Etymology === Inherited from Middle French -ien, from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus, from -ānus. Doublet of -ain and -an. === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /jɛ̃/ === Suffix === -ien m (noun-forming suffix, plural -iens, feminine -ienne) forms nouns denoting where something or someone is from; -ian ‎Paris + ‎-ien → ‎Parisien (“a Parisian”) ‎Californie + ‎-ien → ‎Californien (“a Californian”) === Suffix === -ien (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -ienne, masculine plural -iens, feminine plural -iennes) forms adjectives indicating relation to; -ian ‎Paris + ‎-ien → ‎parisien (“Parisian”) ‎Californie + ‎-ien → ‎californien (“Californian”) ‎Vadim + ‎-ien → ‎vadimien (“of Roger Vadim Plemiannikov, French screenwriter, film director and producer”) ==== Usage notes ==== When the name's last syllable contains "e" or "è" followed by a single consonant, that vowel is normally raised to "é": e.g. barrésien, beethovénien, mussétien, turnérien, wagnérien, etc. === Derived terms === == German == === Pronunciation === IPA(key): /i̯ən/, [i.ən], [jən] === Etymology 1 === From Middle High German -ie, -je, from Latin -ia (feminine singular). Nouns with this Latinate suffix were originally strong (i.e. invariable) feminines, but inflected forms in -ien arose when the distinction between strong and weak feminines collapsed in later Middle High German. These were then treated by analogy with local names like Böhmen, Franken, Sachsen etc. (all originally dative plural of a tribe name). ==== Suffix ==== -ien n Used to form country names; -ia ‎Tscheche (“Czech person”) + ‎-ien → ‎Tschechien (“Czechia”) ‎Jordan (“Jordan”, river) + ‎-ien → ‎Jordanien (“Jordan”, country) ===== Derived terms ===== === Etymology 2 === From Latin -ia (neuter plural). In some cases, analysable within German as a regular plural of an earlier form in -ium; e.g. Principium as an obsolete variant of Prinzip. The singular ending was sometimes lost, leaving -ien as a new, irregular plural suffix. In other cases, simply following the Latin i-declension (singular in -e, plural in -ia). ==== Suffix ==== -ien pl Used to form the plurals of some neuter nouns of Latin descent whose original plural ends in -ia. ‎Material + ‎-ien → ‎Materialien ‎Prinzip + ‎-ien → ‎Prinzipien ‎Konzil + ‎-ien → ‎Konzilien ===== Usage notes ===== Not all nouns whose Latin plural is -ia necessarily take this ending. Some take a regular plural in -e, or have both forms alongside (for example, Konzile). == Middle English == === Etymology 1 === Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus. ==== Alternative forms ==== -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -youn ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /-iˈɛːn/, /-i.ɛn/, /-i.ən/, /-jɛn/, /-jən/ ==== Suffix ==== -ien Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian. ===== Usage notes ===== Before this ending, /k/ becomes /s/; for instance, musike /miu̯ˈziːk(ə)/ + -ien becomes musicien /miu̯ˌzisiˈɛːn/. ===== Derived terms ===== ===== Descendants ===== English: -ian Scots: -ian ===== References ===== “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. === Etymology 2 === A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes: The Old English weak class 2 suffix -ian, -iġan, by syncope from earlier *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną. The suffix -ian, -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from Proto-West Germanic *-jan, *-ijan, from Proto-Germanic *-janą, *-ijaną. ==== Alternative forms ==== -ey, -i, -ie, -y, -ye, -yen, -yȝe -eȝe, -eȝen, -iæn, -iȝe, -iȝen, -in (Early Middle English) ==== Pronunciation ==== IPA(key): /-i.ən/, /-jən/, (originally especially after heavy stems) /-iːn/ (with loss of final /n/) IPA(key): /-jə/, (originally especially after heavy stems) /-iː/ ==== Suffix ==== -ien (Early Middle English, later Kent, Southern and Southwest Midland) Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs. ===== Usage notes ===== -en is often used in place of this suffix in the North and East Midlands already in Early Middle English; this is perhaps due to syncope, but Old Norse influence (the cognates of Old English verbs with -ian had -a) or analogy with strong and class 1 weak verbs is also possible. In the varieties where it remained in use in Early Middle English, this suffix was employed with those verbs where it was etymologically justified (see above); like its weak class 2 predecessor in Old English, it was also the productive method for forming new verbs and thus was added to most verbs borrowed from Old French and Old Norse. After the Early Middle English period, this suffix is no longer found in East Midland or Northern Middle English and begins to be replaced with -en/-e in both new borrowings or formations and existing verbs with this suffix in the West Midlands, mostly disappearing by the end of the Middle English period. Although some loss of this suffix occurs in Southern Middle English, it retains more vitality and even starts to be applied indiscriminately to intransitive verbs by the Late Middle English period; much of this apparent loss is presumably an artifact of the East Midland norm's increasing influence upon the written language given its persistence of -y in modern West Country traditional dialects. This process of loss is presumably attributable both to the influence of dialects where it was lost and the reduction of the prevocalic form -in/-ien to -en, though it remains more common in some verbs than others (particularly adaptations of Old French verbs in -ir). Due to a change of /i.ə/ to /iː/ after heavy syllables (those with a long vowel or two or more final consonants), some varieties (e.g. the West Midlands dialect of the Ancrene Wisse and the Kentish one of the Ayenbite of Inwit) come to distinguish between -ie/-ien in heavy syllables and -in/-i/-y in light syllables. However, this distinction is effaced in the later language, which adopts -y (or -en) in all circumstances. In some later varieties, there is a tendency to use -i/-y before consonants, but -in/-ien, or later, -en before vowels; this may be compared to the alternation between e.g. a and an. ===== Derived terms ===== -iere ===== Descendants ===== English: -y, -ee (dialectal, West Country) ===== References ===== “-ien, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007. d'Ardenne, S[imonne] R. T. O. (1961) [1936], “Language”, in Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (Early English Text Society; 248), London: Oxford University Press for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, § 114, page 237. Brunner, Karl (1963), Grahame Johnson, transl., An Outline of Middle English Grammar‎[1], Oxford: Basil Blackwell, translation of Abriss der mittelenglischen Grammatik (in German), →ISBN, →OCLC, § 70, page 81; reprinted 1965. Jordan, Richard (1974), Eugene Crook, transl., Handbook of the Middle English Grammar: Phonology (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 218)‎[2], The Hague: Mouton & Co. N.V., →DOI, § 138, page 141. Logan, H[arry] M. (1973), “V. Grammar”, in The dialect of the Life of Saint Katherine: A linguistic study of the phonology and inflections (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 130), The Hague: Mouton, →OCLC, § 55, page 190. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1929), “Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad”, in H. W. Garrod, compiler, Essays and Studies by Members of the English Association‎[3], volume 14, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 118. == Middle French == === Etymology === From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus. === Suffix === -ien (feminine equivalent -ienne) -ian ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== French: -ien == Old French == === Etymology === From Latin -iānus, from -ānus. === Suffix === -ien (feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne) -ian ==== Derived terms ==== ==== Descendants ==== Middle French: -ienFrench: -ien → Middle English: -ien, -ian, -ion, -ione, -ioun, -yen, -yone, -younEnglish: -ianScots: -ian